As per the new "Nil by mouth" guidelines, clear fluid intake is allowed upto
Clear liquids – NOT milk or dairy products – are actively encouraged until 2 hours before the time the patient is scheduled for surgery.
Which systemic symptoms are manifested first following local anaesthetic toxicity ?
The typical presentation of LAST(Local anesthetic systemic toxicity)usually begins with prodromal symptoms and signs, such as perioral numbness, tinnitus, agitation, dysarthria, and confusion. These may be followed by more severe central nervous system (CNS) derangements such as seizures and coma.
Which nerve distribution is not optimally anaesthetized following Interscalene brachial plexus block?
The interscalene block covers most of the brachial plexus, sparing the ulnar (C8-T1) nerve.
Winnie's "Three in one block" blocks all the three nerves except
A single Local Anesthesia injection should result in anesthesia of the femoral, the lateral femoral cutaneous, and obturator nerves.
Normal Systemic Vascular Resistance (S.V.R.) is
SVR is calculated by subtracting the right atrial pressure (RAP) or central venous pressure (CVP) from the mean arterial pressure (MAP), dividing by the cardiac output and multiplying by 80. Normal SVR is 900 to 1,500 dynes/seconds/cm-5.
Majority of blood volume is distributed in the
Nearly three-fourths of the circulating blood volume is contained in the venous system.
Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic which acts by
Amiodarone's antiarrhythmic action is connected to its ability to block K+, Na+, and Ca2+ channels while noncompetitively blocking α- and β-adrenergic receptors of the heart.
Diaphragm is innervated by
The diaphragm is primarily innervated by the phrenic nerve which is formed from the cervical nerves C3, C4 and C5.
Normal value of Partial pressure of Carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2 ) is
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is the measure of carbon dioxide within arterial or venous blood. It often serves as a marker of sufficient alveolar ventilation within the lungs. Generally, under normal physiologic conditions, the value of PCO2 ranges between 35 to 45 mmHg or 4.7 to 6.0 kPa.
Crystals in the Ultrasound probe works on the principle of
Ultrasound transducers contain piezoelectric crystals that, when electrical impulses are applied, produce waves at frequencies determined by the crystal's propagation speed, divided by two times the thickness of the crystal layer.
Pregnant patient is desaturated relatively early during direct laryngoscopy after induction of general anaesthesia due to
The decrease in FRC and increase in oxygen consumption results in early desaturation when a pregnant patient undergoing laryngoscopy for intubation after induction.
Normal Anion Gap acidosis is seen in
Renal tubular acidosis is a class of disorders in which excretion of hydrogen ions or reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate is impaired, leading to a chronic metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap.
Compression ventilation ratio in adult Basic Life Support algorithm is
Compression ventilation ratio in adult Basic Life Support algorithm is 30:2
The most reliable method for assessing the presence of endotracheal tube in trachea is
Capnography was the most reliable method for rapid evaluation of ET tube position.
Cardioversion with synchronized electrical energy is done in all except
Synchronized cardioversion is not be used to treat ventricular fibrillation, because the cardioverter may not sense a QRS wave.
The drug used in Asystole and Pulseless Electrical Activity is
The drug used in Asystole and Pulseless Electrical Activity is Epinephrine(Adrenaline)
Compression ventilation ratio in a new born is
Compression ventilation ratio in a new born is 3:1 3:1 compression:ventilation ratio with a total of 90 compressions and 30 breaths/minute.
Most cardiostable induction agent is
Etomidate has minimal effects on the cardiovascular system and is the best choice for cardiac instability patients.
Which drug causes rigidity of chest on rapid administration in large doses ?
Fentanyl-induced chest wall rigidity, otherwise known as wooden chest syndrome (WCS), is a rare complication of intravenous fentanyl.
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Dose of heparin for anticoagulation before going to cardiopulmonary bypass in On pump cardiac surgeries
Dosing for heparin is generally by weight or by dose–response titration. As for the weight-based method, most places use 300–400 IU/kg