Where does spinal cord ends ?
The spinal cord lies within the spinal column and extends from the brainstem to the lower back through the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae. In adults, the spinal cord ends in the lumbar region at L1-L2, the conus medullaris.
Number of spinal nerves
In total, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves grouped regionally by spinal region. More specifically, there are eight cervical nerve pairs (C1-C8), twelve thoracic nerve pairs (T1-T12), five lumbar nerve pairs (L1-L5), 5 sacral (S1-S5), and a single coccygeal nerve pair.
Which structure is pierced during caudal anaesthesia ?
Once the sacral hiatus is identified a 21–22 gauge needle is inserted into the sacral canal through the sacrococcygeal membrane.
Muscle relaxant undergoing break down through Hoffmann elimination is
Atracurium, a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant, is eliminated through several pathways, including Hofmann elimination (a pH and temperature-dependent chemical process)
Remifentanyl is metabolized in the body by
Remifentanil is unique in that its metabolism is independent of organ function. Instead, remifentanil is metabolized by nonspecific plasma esterases located primarily within erythrocytes.
Shortest acting non-depolarizing muscle relaxant is
Mivacurium is the shortest-acting, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent available. Its advantages include a short duration of action and rapid metabolism by plasma cholinesterase.
Most physiological Intravenous fluid is
Lactated Ringer's are the most physiologically adaptable fluid because its electrolyte content is most closely related to the composition of the blood.
10 ml of available KCl preparation (Potassium Chloride) contains
Each 10mL vial contains 20 mEq of potassium chloride.
Sodium bicarbonate is used in all the following conditions except
The administration of sodium bicarbonate can also exacerbate hypernatremia.
Amount of Oxygen each gram of Hemoglobin can carry is
the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin is empirically determined to be 1.39 mL O2/g Hbg.
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled following a maximal inspiration is
Vital Capacity(VC) It is the total amount of air exhaled after maximal inhalation. The value is about 4800mL and it varies according to age and body size. It is calculated by summing tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume. VC = TV+IRV+ERV.
Pulse oximetry is based on which law ?
The Beer-Lambert law — Pulse oximetry estimates peripheral SpO2 using a variation of the Beer-Lambert law.
Which of the following endotracheal tube has resistance to kinking and compression and is indicated for use in the neck, neurological procedures ?
Spiral embedded armored tube or Reinforced endotracheal tubes (ETTs) are designed to resist kinking or compression. These tubes are frequently used during facial surgeries and neurosurgeries, and in patients in a non-supine position during surgery.
The term 'tare weight' is related to
The weight of just the contents, that is the liquified gas itself, is known as the net weight. Subtracting the net weight from the gross weight will provide the cylinder weight, which is the weight of just the empty cylinder, also known as the tare weight.
Sellick's maneuver is used to prevent
Cricoid pressure, also known as the Sellick manoeuvre or Sellick maneuver, is a technique used in endotracheal intubation to try to reduce the risk of regurgitation. The technique involves the application of pressure to the cricoid cartilage at the neck, thus occluding the esophagus which passes directly behind it.
All the following drug therapies should be continued before surgery (in pre-operative fasting period) except
It is recommended to not take this drug on the day of surgery because of the risk of dehydration and hypoglycemia.
Which of the following inhalational agent is degraded to a nephrotoxic end product (Compound A) by alkalies (Sodium Hydroxide or Barium Hydroxide) used in circle system ?
Sevoflurane, like all currently used volatile anaesthetics, is degraded by carbon dioxide absorbents. The most significant degradant is a haloalkene known trivially as "compound A".
Phenylephrine is classified under
Phenylephrine is an alpha-1 adrenergic agonist
Which of the following is not an amide group of local anaesthetics ?
This linkage determines whether a LA is designated an amino ester or amino amide. Commonly used ester LAs include chloroprocaine, procaine, and tetracaine. The commonly used amide LAs include lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine, mepivacaine, and outside the United States, levobupivacaine.
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Flumazenil is
Flumazenil is a selective competitive antagonist of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor and is the only available specific antidote for benzodiazepine (BZD) toxicity.